Sources/Clones
Accurate, American Research Products (1637-18), Biodesign (polyclonal), Biogenesis (polyclonal), Biogenex (GII-9), Chemicon, Dako (polyclonal) and Fitzgerald (M26303).
Fixation/Preparation
Applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Proteolytic enzyme pretreatment is essential before immunostaining. These antibodies are also applicable to cryostat sections and fixed-cell smears.
Background
T.gondii is a protozoan parasite which causes a mild and self-limiting infection in adults. Toxoplasmosis occurs in patients who eat raw or partially cooked meat, reflecting the widespread presence of this protozoan in animals used as food sources. Following gastrointestinal infection, active toxoplasmosis is accompanied by fever with enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen. The immune reactions cause the intracellulartoxoplasma to adopt a cystoid form in which they can persist for a lifetime. However, infections in immunocompromised patients may be fatal, causing acute toxoplasmosis including toxoplasmosis encephalitis. Activation of a latent infection during pregnancy may lead to intrauterine transmission of the organism to the fetus, resulting in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or severe central nervous system damage (Kriek & Remington, 1978).
The production of monoclonal antibodies against protozoa has been limited by the complex life cycles of these parasites. Clone GII antibody recognizes a tachyzoite membrane antigen of 30 kD. The polyclonal antibody (Dako) was raised against formalin-fixed tachyzoites ofT.gondii isolated and purified from infected mice. This latter antibody does not crossreact with the following organisms:Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida, Blastomyces, Pneumocystis carinii, Entamoeba histolytica, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.(Conley et al, 1981).
Applications
Both tachyzoites (or trophozoites) and encysted bradyzoites forms of T.gondii are demonstrated with these antibodies. InfectedToxoplasma tissue including brain, lung, spleen and lymph nodes may be positively identified with these antibodies. This is particularly pertinent when examining tissue from immunocompromised patients, e.g. AIDS, where a high index of suspicion along with application of anti-toxoplasma antibody may help a definite diagnosis (Luft & Remington, 1988).
Comments
These antibodies are best optimized usingtoxoplasma-infected tissue.
References
•Conley FK, Jenkins KA, Remington JS 1981. Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to demonstrate Toxoplasma in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Human Pathology 12: 690-698
•Kriek JA, Remington JS 1978. Toxoplasmosis in the adult - an overview. New England Journal of Medicine 298: 550-553.
•Luft BJ, Remington JS 1988. Toxoplasmic encephalitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 157: 1-6.
Bibliografia
Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology / Anthony S.-Y. Leong, Kumarasen Cooper, F. Joel W.-M. Leong.
Accurate, American Research Products (1637-18), Biodesign (polyclonal), Biogenesis (polyclonal), Biogenex (GII-9), Chemicon, Dako (polyclonal) and Fitzgerald (M26303).
Fixation/Preparation
Applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Proteolytic enzyme pretreatment is essential before immunostaining. These antibodies are also applicable to cryostat sections and fixed-cell smears.
Background
T.gondii is a protozoan parasite which causes a mild and self-limiting infection in adults. Toxoplasmosis occurs in patients who eat raw or partially cooked meat, reflecting the widespread presence of this protozoan in animals used as food sources. Following gastrointestinal infection, active toxoplasmosis is accompanied by fever with enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen. The immune reactions cause the intracellulartoxoplasma to adopt a cystoid form in which they can persist for a lifetime. However, infections in immunocompromised patients may be fatal, causing acute toxoplasmosis including toxoplasmosis encephalitis. Activation of a latent infection during pregnancy may lead to intrauterine transmission of the organism to the fetus, resulting in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or severe central nervous system damage (Kriek & Remington, 1978).
The production of monoclonal antibodies against protozoa has been limited by the complex life cycles of these parasites. Clone GII antibody recognizes a tachyzoite membrane antigen of 30 kD. The polyclonal antibody (Dako) was raised against formalin-fixed tachyzoites ofT.gondii isolated and purified from infected mice. This latter antibody does not crossreact with the following organisms:Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida, Blastomyces, Pneumocystis carinii, Entamoeba histolytica, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.(Conley et al, 1981).
Applications
Both tachyzoites (or trophozoites) and encysted bradyzoites forms of T.gondii are demonstrated with these antibodies. InfectedToxoplasma tissue including brain, lung, spleen and lymph nodes may be positively identified with these antibodies. This is particularly pertinent when examining tissue from immunocompromised patients, e.g. AIDS, where a high index of suspicion along with application of anti-toxoplasma antibody may help a definite diagnosis (Luft & Remington, 1988).
Comments
These antibodies are best optimized usingtoxoplasma-infected tissue.
References
•Conley FK, Jenkins KA, Remington JS 1981. Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to demonstrate Toxoplasma in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Human Pathology 12: 690-698
•Kriek JA, Remington JS 1978. Toxoplasmosis in the adult - an overview. New England Journal of Medicine 298: 550-553.
•Luft BJ, Remington JS 1988. Toxoplasmic encephalitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 157: 1-6.
Bibliografia
Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology / Anthony S.-Y. Leong, Kumarasen Cooper, F. Joel W.-M. Leong.
