Sources/Clones
Biogenex (1.3, polyclonal), Chemicon (polyclonal), and Seralab.
Fixation/Preparation
This antibody is applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue. The number of positive cells is increased significantly with microwave pretreatment (McQuaid et al, 1995).
Background
Measles, an acute febrile eruption, has been one of the most common diseases of civilization. Despite the development of an effective vaccine, it remains a worldwide health problem.
The measles virion is composed of a central core of ribonucleic acid with a helically arranged protein coat surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with spike-like structures. The virion is 120-200 nm in diameter and is classified as a morbillivirus in the paramyxovirus family.
Applications
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, fatal disease of children caused by a persistent measles virus infection of the central nervous system. Immunodetection of viral proteins using antibodies raised to measles is useful to confirm the diagnosis of SSPE in brain biopsies and post mortem CNS tissue (McQuaid et al, 1995).
Using microwave antigen retrieval systems, increased immunoreactivity was seen in neuronal processes, suggesting that this may represent virus spreading from cell to cell (McQuaid et al, 1995). Attempts to demonstrate the M-protein in the brain of an SSPE patient using immunocytochemistry proved futile, even though nucleotide sequences coding for M-protein were detected (Brown et al, 1987). This suggested either diminished synthesis and/or rapid degradation of M-protein in the SSPE brain.
Recently, the capacity for measles to persist and induce chronic inflammation has suggested this virus as a likely candidate for the etiology of Crohn's disease (Wakefield et al, 1995). Immunocytochemistry using measles virus-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was positive within endothelial cells in areas of granulomatous vasculitis. In situ hybridization for measles virus genomic RNA not only produced positive signals in a similar location but also showed strongly positive cells in the secondary lymphoid follicles (Wakefield et al, 1993). By employing an immunogold method, ultrastructural studies have shown significantly higher levels of anti measles antigen in Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis, tuberculous lymphadenitis and non-granulomatous areas of bowels but no significant difference between Crohn's disease and SSPE (Daszak et al, 1997). An epidemiological association between Crohn's disease and measles virus exposure in early life has been suggested in case-control studies (Ekbom et al, 1996). It is therefore suggested that Crohn's disease may be a chronic granulomatous vasculitis in reaction to a persistent infection with measles virus within the vascular endothelium (Wakefield et al, 1995).
Comments
Application of antibodies to measles virus would be useful in developing countries where SSPE is more frequently seen. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies give good immunoreactivity following microwave pretreatment (Rahman et al, 1996; Allen et al, 1996).
References
•Allen IV, McQuaid S, McMahon J et al 1996. The significance of measles virus antigen and genome distribution in the CNS in SSPE for mechanisms of viral spread and demyelination. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 55: 471-480.
•Brown HR, Goller NL, Thormar H et al 1987. Measles virus matrix protein gene expression in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient brain and virus isolate demonstrated by cDNA hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 75: 123-130.
•Daszak P, Purcell M, Lewin J, et al 1997. Detection and comparative analysis of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease by immunogold electron microscopy. Journal of Clinical Pathology 50: 299-304.
•Ekbom A, Daszak P, Kraaz W, Wakefield AJ 1996. Crohn's disease after in-utero measles virus exposure. Lancet 348: 515-517.
•McQuaid S, McConnell R, McMahon J, Herron B 1995. Microwave antigen retrieval for immunocytochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded post-mortem CNS tissue. Journal of Pathology 176: 207-216.
•Rahman SM, Eto H, Morshed SA, Itakura H 1996. Giant cell pneumonia: light microscopy, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of an autopsy case. Ultrastructural Pathology 20: 585-591.
•Wakefield AJ, Pittilio RM, Sim R et al 1993. Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease. Journal of Medical Virology 39: 345-353.
•Wakefield AJ, Ekbom A, Dhillon AP et al 1995. Crohn's disease: pathogenesis and persistent measles virus infection. Gastroenterology 108: 911-916.
Bibliografia
Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology / Anthony S.-Y. Leong, Kumarasen Cooper, F. Joel W.-M. Leong.
Biogenex (1.3, polyclonal), Chemicon (polyclonal), and Seralab.
Fixation/Preparation
This antibody is applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue. The number of positive cells is increased significantly with microwave pretreatment (McQuaid et al, 1995).
Background
Measles, an acute febrile eruption, has been one of the most common diseases of civilization. Despite the development of an effective vaccine, it remains a worldwide health problem.
The measles virion is composed of a central core of ribonucleic acid with a helically arranged protein coat surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with spike-like structures. The virion is 120-200 nm in diameter and is classified as a morbillivirus in the paramyxovirus family.
Applications
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, fatal disease of children caused by a persistent measles virus infection of the central nervous system. Immunodetection of viral proteins using antibodies raised to measles is useful to confirm the diagnosis of SSPE in brain biopsies and post mortem CNS tissue (McQuaid et al, 1995).
Using microwave antigen retrieval systems, increased immunoreactivity was seen in neuronal processes, suggesting that this may represent virus spreading from cell to cell (McQuaid et al, 1995). Attempts to demonstrate the M-protein in the brain of an SSPE patient using immunocytochemistry proved futile, even though nucleotide sequences coding for M-protein were detected (Brown et al, 1987). This suggested either diminished synthesis and/or rapid degradation of M-protein in the SSPE brain.
Recently, the capacity for measles to persist and induce chronic inflammation has suggested this virus as a likely candidate for the etiology of Crohn's disease (Wakefield et al, 1995). Immunocytochemistry using measles virus-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was positive within endothelial cells in areas of granulomatous vasculitis. In situ hybridization for measles virus genomic RNA not only produced positive signals in a similar location but also showed strongly positive cells in the secondary lymphoid follicles (Wakefield et al, 1993). By employing an immunogold method, ultrastructural studies have shown significantly higher levels of anti measles antigen in Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis, tuberculous lymphadenitis and non-granulomatous areas of bowels but no significant difference between Crohn's disease and SSPE (Daszak et al, 1997). An epidemiological association between Crohn's disease and measles virus exposure in early life has been suggested in case-control studies (Ekbom et al, 1996). It is therefore suggested that Crohn's disease may be a chronic granulomatous vasculitis in reaction to a persistent infection with measles virus within the vascular endothelium (Wakefield et al, 1995).
Comments
Application of antibodies to measles virus would be useful in developing countries where SSPE is more frequently seen. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies give good immunoreactivity following microwave pretreatment (Rahman et al, 1996; Allen et al, 1996).
References
•Allen IV, McQuaid S, McMahon J et al 1996. The significance of measles virus antigen and genome distribution in the CNS in SSPE for mechanisms of viral spread and demyelination. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 55: 471-480.
•Brown HR, Goller NL, Thormar H et al 1987. Measles virus matrix protein gene expression in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient brain and virus isolate demonstrated by cDNA hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 75: 123-130.
•Daszak P, Purcell M, Lewin J, et al 1997. Detection and comparative analysis of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease by immunogold electron microscopy. Journal of Clinical Pathology 50: 299-304.
•Ekbom A, Daszak P, Kraaz W, Wakefield AJ 1996. Crohn's disease after in-utero measles virus exposure. Lancet 348: 515-517.
•McQuaid S, McConnell R, McMahon J, Herron B 1995. Microwave antigen retrieval for immunocytochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded post-mortem CNS tissue. Journal of Pathology 176: 207-216.
•Rahman SM, Eto H, Morshed SA, Itakura H 1996. Giant cell pneumonia: light microscopy, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of an autopsy case. Ultrastructural Pathology 20: 585-591.
•Wakefield AJ, Pittilio RM, Sim R et al 1993. Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease. Journal of Medical Virology 39: 345-353.
•Wakefield AJ, Ekbom A, Dhillon AP et al 1995. Crohn's disease: pathogenesis and persistent measles virus infection. Gastroenterology 108: 911-916.
Bibliografia
Manual of diagnostic antibodies for immunohistology / Anthony S.-Y. Leong, Kumarasen Cooper, F. Joel W.-M. Leong.
